So a lot of people as of late have been talking about EMET an in particular how to bypass many of its protections and features that it offers. I thought this was an interesting challenge given my background in exploit development, so I decided to devote my dissertation paper to finding how effective EMET 5.1 is at preventing people from exploiting programs using three different types of exploits. However a few days ago I hit an interesting problem and today I would like to share the solution I came up with in the hopes that it may be useful to others.
My problem started when I needed to find a way to bypass EAF. For those of you who don't know, EAF protection is a protection offered as part of EMET's protection suite which prevents exploits from reading the Export Address Table (EAT) by blocking access to the EAT based on the origin of the code. Shellcode often needs to read the EAT in order to find out where various functions are in memory that it needs to call. Thus by filtering access to this table, shellcode, including metasploit shellcode, will be prevented from working, and EMET will simply detect an EAF bypass, will alert the user, and the program will be closed down. (Please see http://download.microsoft.com/download/A/A/8/AA853FAE-7608-462E-B166-45B0F065BA13/EMET%205.1%20User%20Guide.pdf for more details, in particular page 8)
There is a way around this however. As discussed in Aaron Portnoy's "Bypassing All Of The Things" presentation (https://www.exodusintel.com/files/Aaron_Portnoy-Bypassing_All_Of_The_Things.pdf), one can simply obtain the addresses from the Import Address Table (IAT), as discussed in slide 77, rather than the EAT. The IAT contains a list of entires, each which is a pointer to the actual address of the corresponding function in virtual memory.
To take a look at a executable's IAT, we can simply crack open a free version of IDA Pro and wait for IDA to finish examining the entire program. When its done, simply click on the tab labeled "Imports". You should end up seeing something like this:
On the far left we can see the addresses for each of the IAT entries, followed by an ordinal number if there is one (so that the function can be called via its ordinal number rather than via its normal address. Google this if you don't know what I'm talking about, its a bit beyond this post), the name of the function, and the library from which it came from.
So we have a way to get the actual address of the functions listed in the IAT, but what if the function you want does not exist as an entry within the IAT? Well, first you need to find an entry that exists in the same library as the function that you want to find the address of. Say I wanted to call ExitProcess, a function located in Kernel32.dll, and I know there is a function ReadFile which is also within Kernel32.dll.
There is an entry to ReadFile within the IAT at 0054E1F4. Dereferencing this address will get me the address of ReadFile. Once I have the address of ReadFile I can then take advantage of another trick to get the real address of ExitProcess. You see, because ReadFile and ExitProcess are in the same DLL, they will both have the same base address. These are usually the first 2 bytes of a 32 bit address. Furthremore, all functions are loaded at static offsets from the base address, reguardless of how randomized the DLL might be by ASLR etc. Because of this, with knowledge of where ReadFile is in memory, I can simply add or subtract the offset from ReadFile to ExitProcess from the address of ReadFile to get the address of ExitProcess in memory. This offset will never change even after the machine reboots and the location of Kernel32.dll changes.
However some of you might have noticed a slight problem with this. What if the program doesn't have an IAT entry to a function within the libary your desired function is in? Aka you want to call a function located in msvcrt.dll but there are no IAT entries that point to any functions within that library? Well this is exactly the situation I encountered in the field recently. I wanted to call the function memcpy using the IAT. memcpy is located in msvcrt.dll, however as you can see from the photo below, there is no IAT entry for memcpy:
As a matter of fact, there isn't any entry in the IAT table for function that belongs to a library who's name even starts with "m". We're going to have to get a little creative here.
If we look at the exe within Immunity Debugger, we notice that msvcrt.dll is actually loaded by the application itself. However because of rebasing, the address will change every time the system restarts:
However there is a way to get this to work. What we can do is abuse some of the properties of LoadLibraryA to still dynamically get the location of memcpy. Conveniently, the IAT has an entry for this:
Using this entry, we can simply dereference the memory address 0054E268 within our shellcode to get the address of LoadLibraryA. Once we have the address of LoadLibraryA, we can call it and pass a pointer to the string "msvcrt" on the stack (I have not shown how I dynamically created this on the stack, but its not too hard to do). Here is an example of this in an exploit I am presently working on (to give a more realistic example):
As you can see, we are presently calling LoadLibraryA, by dereferencing the address in EDX. EDX contains 0054E268, or the IAT entry for LoadLibraryA. By deferencing and then calling this address I end up calling LoadLibraryA itself. On the stack you can also note that I have placed the address where the "msvcrt" string is located, namely 10027090, as the library that I wish to load. Lets see what happens after this call completes:
As we can see, the base address of msvcrt.dll is placed into EAX once the call is done.
This means that based off of one entry within the IAT table, we can figure out the address of any other function in memory. Furthermore, even if the corresponding DLL is not loaded within the current program, LoadLibraryA will load the libary for you into the current process and return the base address where that library was loaded into EAX. Therefore, reguardless of the load status of the DLL which contains the function you are after, this trick will still work.
At this point, all we need to do is add to EAX the offset to the function we want to call within msvcrt.dll. These offsets are static, as mentioned before, so even after a reboot they will still remain the same, thus defeating the rebasing.
Anyway, I hope you guys found that interesting and useful. Just a little something I found during my research into EMET.
-tekwizz123
